PROGRAMMING
What is Programming ?
Programming is the implementation of logic to facilitate specified computing operations and functionality. It occurs in one or more languages, which differ by application, domain and programming model .
Define Programming language .
A programming language is a set of commands, instructions, and other syntax use to create a software program. Languages that programmers use to write code are called "high-level languages." This code can be compiled into a "low-level language," which is recognized directly by the computer hardware.
High-level languages are designed to be easy to read and understand. This allows programmers to write source code in a natural fashion, using logical words and symbols. For example, reserved words like function, while, if, and else are used in most major programming languages. Symbols like <, >, ==, and != are common operators. Many high-level languages are similar enough that programmers can easily understand source code written in multiple languages.
Examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, Perl, and PHP. Languages like C++ and Java are called "compiled languages" since the source code must first be compiled in order to run. Languages like Perl and PHP are called "interpreted languages" since the source code can be run through an interpreter without being compiled. Generally, compiled languages are used to create software applications, while interpreted languages are used for running scripts, such as those used to generate content for dynamic websites.
Low-level languages include assembly and machine languages. An assembly language contains a list of basic instructions and is much more difficult to read than a high-level language. In rare cases, a programmer may decide to code a basic program in an assembly language to ensure it operates as efficiently as possible. An assembler can be used to translate the assembly code into machine code. The machine code, or machine language, contains a series of binary codes that are understood directly by a computer's CPU. Needless to say, machine language is not designed to be human readable.
Types of Programming language .
Low Level
1) Machine language
Machine language is the lowest-level programming language(except for computers that utilize programmable microcode). Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers.
2) Assembly language
An assembly (or assembler) language,[1] often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the program's statements and the architecture's machine code instructions.[2]
Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture and operating system.[3] In contrast, most high-level programming languages are generally portable across multiple architectures but require interpreting or compiling. Assembly language may also be called symbolic machine code.
Middle Level
1) C language
C is an imperative procedural language. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming.
2) C++ language
C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 (informally known as C++17).[8] The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, C++11 and C++14 standards.
3) Java language
Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented,[15] and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA),[16] meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation
High Level
1) Fotran language
FORmula TRANslation. FORTRAN was developed in the 1950-s by a team of IBM programmers and released in 1957. It is a language special developed to let the computer execute number crunching operations. It was the first high level language, one in which the programmer did not have to directly deal with assembler or machine code (0's and 1's). It was the first language to be widely used and it is the oldest language still widely used today. It was designed to express scientific and mathematical formulas and it is still used in that area.
2) Pascal language
Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal.
3) Cobol language
COBOL, in fullCommon Business-Oriented Language., High-level computer programming language, one of the first widely used languages and for many years the most popular language in the business community. It developed from the 1959 Conference on Data Systems Languages, a joint initiative between the U.S. government and the private sector. COBOL was created to fulfill two major objectives: portability (ability of programs to be run with minimum modification on computers from different manufacturers) and readability (ease with which a program can be read like ordinary English).
Java Programming Language
Programming Paradigm
Programming paradigms are a way to classify programming languages based on their features. Languages can be classified into multiple paradigms.
Some paradigms are concerned mainly with implications for the execution model of the language, such as allowing side effects, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are concerned mainly with the way that code is organized, such as grouping a code into units along with the state that is modified by the code. Yet others are concerned mainly with the style of syntax and grammar.
Common programming paradigms include:
- procedural which groups instructions into procedures,
- object-oriented which groups instructions together with the part of the state they operate on
- logic in which the desired result is declared as the answer to a question about a system of facts and rules,
Programming Translator
Assembler
o The mnemonics used are directly translated to the instructions in the form of bit patterns .
Compiler
o High level = Machine
o Scans whole code once and translates it into the machine language .
o After it is translated it can be executed by the processor ( exe ) and an error report may be generated .
Intepreter
o High level = machine
o it translates HL code line-by-line ans executes it , stopping if encounters an error .
REFERENCES
https://www.homeandlearn.co.uk/java/sharing_your_java_programmes.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
pascal-programming.info/
https://www.thocp.net/software/languages/fortran.htm
https://www.ibm.com › Learn › Java development
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C%2B%2B_Programming
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-language-set-1-introduction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator_(computing)
https://www.google.com/search?q=programming+Translator&source
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